Learning objectives for final
exam in Microbiology
1. What do we consider microbes? What kingdoms are
they found in?
2. How
do we classify organisms into the 5 kingdoms?
3. How
are organisms classified into 3 domains?
4. What
are emerging infectious diseases and what causes them?
5. What
are the correct ways of writing scientific names?
6. How
are microbes beneficial to us? Harmful?
7. What
are the parts of the light microscope and their functions?
8. What
are 2 ways of increasing resolution?
9. What
does parfocal mean?
10. What
is the purpose of staining? Know details of Gram stain, acid fast stain
and endospore stain and their purpose.
11. Know
the anatomy of a prokaryotic cell, the functions of the parts, and how it
differs from a eukaryotic cell.
12. Basic
bacterial shapes and arrangements.
13. Know
differences between Gram negative and positive cell walls.
14. Compare
and contrast structure of viruses, bacteria and eukaryotic cells.
15. Define
metabolism, coupling of reactions, respiration and fermentation, oxidation,
reduction.
16. Identify
energy, electron and hydrogen carriers in the cell.
17. Compare
and contrast aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration and fermentation;
stages, final electron acceptors, energy efficiency.
18. Growth
requirements and terms: temperature, pH, osmotic pressure
19. Know
best ways of inhibiting bacterial growth as well as sterilization methods.
20. Oxygen
requirements and terminology.
21. Direct
and indirect methods of counting bacteria.
22. Ways
of growing anaerobes.
23. Types
of media: chemically defined, complex, selective, differential; broth, plate,
slant and when used.
24. Parts
of growth curve.
25. Modes
of action of antimicrobial agents; ways of measuring their effectiveness.
26. Terms:
disinfection, antisepsis, sanitation, -cidal, -static.
27. Factors
to consider in using a disinfectant correctly (temp, conc., organic matter...)
28. Characteristics
of perfect antibiotic.
29. DNA
structure, replication, transcription, translation - process, enzymes.
30. Mutations
- terminology, impact on cell.
31. Transformation,
transduction, conjugation - what is the mode of getting DNA into cell?
32. Regulation
of prokaryotic protein synthesis: operons, induction, repression.
33. Difference
between biotechnology and genetic engineering - recognize examples.
34. Restriction
enzymes, PCR, gene library.
35. Difference
between identification and classification: when each is used and what techniques
are used.
36. List
of species on review sheets - which is incorrect association of organism with
disease?
37. How
are organisms classified within the groups: bacteria, protozoans, fungi, helminths,
viruses?
38. Difficulty
in dealing with viral, protozoal and helminthic diseases.
39. Generalized
life cycle of protozoan and helminthic organisms (multiple hosts, multiple
forms, intermediate and definitive hosts).
40. Nutritional
requirements of fungi.
41. Arthropod
vectors vs. arthropod diseases.
42. Lytic
and lysogenic bacteriophages.
43. Prions
and viroids.
44. Transient,
normal, opportunistic, pathogenic organisms.
45. Koch's
postulates.
46. Sporadic,
endemic, pandemic, epidemic, incidence, prevalence.
47. Bacteremia,
septicemia, toxemia, viremia.
48. How
do various microbes cause damage to the host?
49. Symbiotic
relationships and terminology.
50. Types
of pathogens (obligate intracellular; facultative intracellular...)
51. Types
of toxins.
52. Modes
of transmission of disease (direct, indirect, fomite...)
53. Steps
to pathogenesis (adherence, colonization, virulance factors).
54. Signs
and symptoms of disease.